Simple and straightforward Independence Day paintings

Following failures at the Battles of Brandywine and Germantown, Washington and 11,000 regulars took up winter quarters at Valley Forge, 22 miles (35 km) northwest of British-occupied Philadelphia. Although its ranks were decimated by rampant disease, semi-starvation, and bitter cold, the reorganized Continental Army emerged the following June as a well-disciplined and efficient fighting force.

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Two trans teachers in Chennai create classrooms full of inclusivity and literature

Marakkah’s table is full of teaching paraphernalia. There are half-marked papers from a recent test, a red ink pen, many textbooks, registers, lunch bags and a water bottle. It might seem like nothing really separates this Tamil trans teacher from the rest of the educators at her school except her bright rainbow badge. “I wear it every day,” she says.

However, a look at her classrooms might help change this thought. Here, it is customary that when Marakkah enters the classes she teaches at Karthik Matriculation Higher Secondary School in Poonamallee, her students stand up to say: ‘Theendamai manidhaneyam atra seyalum perun kutramum aagum’ (Untouchability is inhuman and a crime). It is on the first page of the Tamil Nadu government’s textbook.

Watch | These Chennai transwomen are excelling in chosen careers | Video Credit: Akhila Easwaran

Her students also address her with the gender neutral term ‘teacher’ instead of the usual ‘ma’am’, ‘madam’ and ‘sir’. There are pictures of BR Ambedkar, Periyar and Karl Marx here. There is also active discourse about pride marches, caste-based violence in the State and the latest Supreme Court judgment, during the last 10 minutes of her 45 minute class.

Marakkah’s first introduction to her students was simple and straightforward. When she joined on the first day earlier this academic year, she asked everyone if they had seen trans people before. “They answered yes. Some said they had seen trans people on streets, begging. I told them that trans people can be doctors and engineers. They can also be Tamil teachers like me who have come to teach you.”

This teacher’s last few months have been far more stable than before. Now, she wears the clothes that she feels comfortable in, and is back to teaching after a turbulent few months of unemployment. She has nine years of experience in the world of special education but moved to this school in Poonamallee after facing discomfort and harassment due to her gender.

Marakkah teaches her students | Photo Credit: Thamodharan Bharath

Now, she enjoys the respect of her students and a certain closeness that she once only wished she could achieve. She is affable, seeks feedback from her students and believes that teachers must be responsible leaders who are deeply dedicated to their work. “My only problem is getting ready and coming to work on time. But when I enter, I am in the zone and I cannot wait to teach,” she says.

Marakkah is a published poet, a great cook and a person who enjoys dancing. She is in the process of setting up the Queer Chennai Library and is seeking book donations of queer literature for the same. When her students walk in, she looks to be kind. “A student told me that she liked it when I addressed her with the informal Tamil term ‘di’. It made her feel like I was her mother, she said. She signed her feedback form calling herself my loving daughter. It felt very heartwarming,” she says. Through the interview, she calls me ‘thangam’ — gold.

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“I am also someone who cuts marks for spelling errors. Students come up to me and bargain for the extra half mark here and there,” she beams. Her kindness does not extend to the realm of correction. She is a strict teacher.

Catching fire

All of Agni’s students have seen her transition from being a non-binary person to the proud trans Physics and Mathematics teacher she is today. “When I joined earlier this year, I adorned garb that is traditionally considered to be that of a man’s. I came in and told my students that I was non-binary, giving them a brief explanation of the same. They didn’t really probe and soon through lessons and day-to-day interaction, the ice broke. On Independence Day, I wore my first saree and walked into school,” she says.

Agni and Marakkah | Photo Credit: Thamodharan Bharath

As she speaks, Agni has an air of confidence and calm that comes with handling several college students. Before moving to Karthik Matriculation School, she was a professor of mechanical engineering at a polytechnic in the city. “After teaching students more advanced science, I needed to come back and learn the basics. It was quite the challenge in the beginning,” she says. Agni however, has been able to manage, circumventing her transition and the challenges that arise from having been gender fluid.

Agni’s ideal classroom is one which is political. “The rise and fall of tomato prices could impact all of us. The idea is to ensure we engage and talk about what affects us in society. Teachers should not exist to vomit the words in the textbook and students are not there to listen. There needs to be mutual questions and answers,” she says. In her class too, there are pictures of Ambedkar, Periyar and Marx. There is conversation about gender politics and books too.

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Pride month 2023 | This Tamil glossary brims with respectful terms to address the LGBTQIA+ community

Agni is an author who has published her work too. She reads extensively and is looking to ensure that her activism, championing the cause and existence of the LGBTQIA++ community in India, is less hostile. She is also a model who enjoys keeping up with the latest fashion trends. MLA Thamizhachi Thangapandian is her fashion inspiration.

Agni and Marakkah’s common thoughts on politics helps them be great friends in school. “It also helps knowing that there is a sister who can empathise in a largely cis-het world,” she says.

Is Agni a strict teacher too? “No, not really,” she says laughing.

February 6, 1778: France and the United States form an alliance

The French had secretly furnished financial and material aid to the Americans since 1776, but with the signing in Paris of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance, the Franco-American alliance was formalized. France began preparing fleets and armies to enter the fight but did not formally declare war on Britain until June 1778.

The U.S. battleship the Bonhomme Richard was getting the worst of its battle with the British vessel HMS Serapis off Flamborough Head, England, when the American commander, John Paul Jones, refused to surrender, proclaiming, “I have not yet begun to fight!” Jones ultimately triumphed, but he lost his ship in the process.

September 1780: Benedict Arnold turns traitor

Having fought valiantly in a number of battles earlier in the war, American Gen. Benedict Arnold conspired with the British to surrender the fort at West Point, New York, that he commanded. When John André, the British army officer with whom Arnold had negotiated, was hanged as a spy after he was captured and the plot revealed, Arnold took sanctuary with the British.

The Articles of Confederation, a plan of government organization that served as a bridge between the initial government by the Continental Congress and the federal government provided under the U.S. Constitution of 1787, were written in 1776–77 and adopted by the Congress on November 15, 1777. However, the articles were not fully ratified by the states until March 1, 1781.

September–October 1781: Siege of Yorktown

After winning a costly victory at Guilford Courthouse, North Carolina, on March 15, 1781, Lord Cornwallis entered Virginia to join other British forces there, setting up a base at Yorktown. Washington’s army and a force under the French Count de Rochambeau placed Yorktown under siege, and Cornwallis surrendered his army of more than 7,000 men on October 19, 1781.

After the British defeat at Yorktown, the land battles in America largely died out—but the fighting continued at sea, chiefly between the British and America’s European allies, which came to include Spain and the Netherlands. The military verdict in North America was reflected in the preliminary Anglo-American peace treaty of 1782, which was included in the Treaty of Paris of 1783. By its terms, Britain recognized the independence of the United States with generous boundaries, including the Mississippi River on the west. Britain retained Canada but ceded East and West Florida to Spain.