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Smartprints
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Unisex Kids
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T-shirt
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Animals
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100% COTTON
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Knowledge on Giant Pandas in Ancient China
In modern times giant panda becomes an informal symbol of China, almost as popular as images of dragon, a mythical creature and heraldic animal of China till 1928. There is an astonishing contrast between today’s popularity of panda and an almost total lack of images and mentions of this animal in ancient times. Bai xiong ‘white bear,’ a local Chinese name for giant panda was registered for the first time only in 1869, by Father Armand David, who discovered giant pandas for the Europeans, the first image of panda was printed in a French zoological book in 1874, the first logo with an image of panda was created by pilots from the American Volunteer Group in Kunming (Yunnan) in 1941. If we add to this that the word xiongmao, a modern Chinese name for giant panda, is a phraseological calque from English bear cat created at the beginning of the 20th century, that panda became subject of the traditional Chinese painting in the mid of the 20th century and the literary motif of panda gained ground only after success of a popular song in 1983, we are faced with the problem of explaining, why giant panda was unknown to ancient Chinese art and literature. Some Chinese scholars assume that panda was known by other names in ancient China. Hu Jinchu enumerates a list of 25 such names, however Slovak sinologist Stanislav Vavrovský proves, that only some of them may actually mean giant panda, although the unambiguous and decisive arguments are lacking. The authors of this paper assume that giant panda was known in ancient China, however it was not differentiated as a separate species but was regarded simply as a bear (xiong). The authors present the role of bears in the mythical stories about the origin of Chinese civilization, the archaeological findings of bear bones in neolithic and bronze age tombs, as well as the images of bears in ancient Chinese art till the end of the Han dynasty. They talk through two common bear species in China: Asian black bear and brown bear, whose some subspecies are sometimes called white. The authors take notice of the fact that the known contemporary image of giant panda as a black-and-white animal is due to the discovery of the black-and-white Sichuan subspecies of this animal by Father Davis what follows that the first specimen known to Europeans became normative subspecies. However in ancient times the giant panda habitat was much more than modern refugial areas mostly in Western Sichuan mountains. The authors assume that ancient Chinese had an opportunity to meet with other pandas, e.g. from Qinling mountains, near Xi’an, a former capitol of China, than with the normative in our times subspecies of giant panda from Sichuan. The Qinling panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis) is very rare in our times and having a dark brown and light brown pattern instead of „typical” black and white seems to be atypical. In ancient times because of this brownish pattern Qinling panda could not be discerned from the common brown bear. The authors assume that whenever there are images and mentions of bear in ancient Chinese art and literature, we cannot automatically exclude giant pandas.
References
Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific, red. Edward Balfour, vol. 3. Madras: Scottish & Adelphi Press, 1873.
Duyvendak, J.J.L. „The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century”, T’oung Pao. Second Series, 34 (5) (1939): 402.
Edwards, Henri Milne. „Recherches pour servir à l’histoire naturelle des mammifères: comprenant des considérations sur la classification de ces animaux”. W: Alphonse Milne Edwards. Des observations sur l’hippopotame de Liberia et des études sur la faune de la Chine et du Tibet oriental. Paris 1874.
Hu Jinchu, „胡锦矗, 大熊猫的历史记载 [Historyczne relacje o pandzie wielkiej]”, Nánchōng shīyuàn xuébào (Zìrán kēxué bǎn), 1981 (3): 7–16.
Lankester, Edwin Ray. „On the Affinities of aeluropus melanoleucus”. Linnaean Society London 2.8 (1901): 163–171.
Lia Chieh-Hsin, Research on the Reflexive of Giant Panda’s Ancient Name in China, [賴皆興, 中國大熊貓古代名稱研究之反思], 2006, https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/72509/1/7793.pdf
Psarras, Sophia-Karin. Han Material Culture. An Archaeological Analysis and Vessel Typology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda, red. Angela R. Glatston. London: Elsevier, 2011.
Roberts, M. „The red panda: its history and fragile hold on the future”, Cincinnati Zoo News, Spring/Summer 1983: 1–5.
Schuessler, Axel. ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2007.
Schwendler, Louis. „On Ailurus fulgens”, Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1875: 98.
Vavrovský, Stanislav. „Čínske názvy pandy veľkej”. Studia Orientalia Slovaca, 8 (2009): 163–191.
Wu Xianzhu, Zhou Guoping 2005. The animal remains from Guanzhuangping site in Hubei [武仙竹, 周国平, 湖北官庄坪遗址动物遗骸研究报告]”, Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 232–248.
Explore the past, present and future of ‘Eight Bears’
July 13, 2023 at 8:00 am
Bears have long been considered family. “Stories of a familial bear exist in almost every human culture that shares territory with the animal,” writes journalist Gloria Dickie in her new book, Eight Bears.
The Yakut people of eastern Siberia call brown bears “grandfather” and “uncle.” Shepherds in the French Pyrenees call the brown bear la va-nu-pieds, the “barefooted one,” a reference to its humanlike footprints. In Peru, the Ukuku is an Andes-traipsing man-bear hybrid in Quechua lore that steals away young women.
The ancient and recurrent history of humans recognizing bears as either spiritual or biological brethren sets the tone for the book, which provides rich lessons for understanding our ursine neighbors and how their lives have intertwined with our own.
That bears have had such a cultural grip on our species is impressive given their dearth of global diversity. As you might have guessed, there are only eight bear species: brown, black, sun, moon, polar, spectacled, sloth and giant panda. Dickie explores each in vivid detail, traveling across three continents to some of the places where they amble.
The settings Dickie presents — some remote, some urban — are marvelously rendered. She transports readers to the perilously steep ridgelines of the Andes, perpetually misty and buzzing with hummingbirds, and to Churchill, Canada, a subarctic town on an icy seashore sitting square in the path of migrating polar bears (SN: 11/1/22). Through these travels, Dickie weaves in each species’s unique stories — of decline, recovery and an uncertain future — and how humans have roped their own desires and ambitions to the bears, for better or worse.
Dickie expertly peppers her “ursine odyssey” with dry humor, augmenting the experience of encountering the bears, which oscillates from dopey to truly dangerous. One moment that stands out is when Dickie is preparing to visit the forest homes of Indian sloth bears and describes digesting jarringly matter-of-fact stories and photos of the aftereffects of maulings. But not to worry, a local biologist assures her “in a way that was meant to be comforting,” she will see more injuries like this where she is set to travel.
Such engaging insights into Dickie’s experiences elevate Eight Bears well above a patchwork of bear facts.
Though, there are facts aplenty. Dickie provides ample context on each species’s biology, ecology and historical (and sometimes prehistorical) relationship with humans. The robust accounting of so much about these animals is fascinating, though some forays into the evolutionary history of each branch of the bear family tree and the taxonomic identity of Paddington Bear and Baloo from The Jungle Book can feel meandering (SN: 4/3/16). Still, Dickie excels in crafting a captivating and carefully considered mosaic of stories that will engross any reader interested in wildlife and wilderness.
One primary theme in Eight Bears is that many species inhabit woefully shrinking natural spaces. In the Andes, spectacled bears’ cloud forests risk ascending upslope into oblivion due to a warming climate. Polar bears are caught between rapidly dwindling sea ice and a genetic tidal wave from hybridizing with brown bears that have started wandering poleward (SN: 9/3/20). Sloth bears are squeezed into smaller and smaller pockets of forest as human populations expand, leading to violent, tragic conflicts with people.
These eight bear species, Dickie shows, manage to capture the full range of people’s attitudes toward wilderness, from awe to exploitation, neglect to reverence. She illuminates radically varied consequences of humans placing political, social or economic value on bears. For instance, circumstances aligned for giant pandas to be useful in “panda diplomacy” as a political bargaining chip for China, thus feeding a cultural status and conservation investment the seven other bear species lack. Dickie’s honest and bleak accounts of moon and sun bears languishing on farms in Vietnam that collect bear bile to treat inflammation and high cholesterol present a far darker reality for some species.
There are relative success stories in which bears have bounced back into abundance, but that can present ongoing tension. In the United States, humans and black bears navigate coexistence at the wildland-urban interface (and national park trash cans). On the eastern flanks of the Rockies, brown bears lollop into territories gone bearless for decades due to intentional extermination, now saturated with farms and people.
In the end, Dickie warns that only three species — black, brown and panda bears — seem well-positioned to persist in the wild in the future. Losing animals whose lives have so closely paralleled our own would be like losing family, she writes. “And in some ways, we would lose a part of our own wildness. Without bears, the woods, and our stories, would be empty.”
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A version of this article appears in the July 15, 2023 issue of Science News.
